The increase in oil prices in recent years has occurred
concurrently with a rapid expansion of Chinese exports in the world markets,
despite China being an oil importing country. In this paper we develop a
theoretical model that explains the positive correlation between Chinese exports
and the oil price. The model shows that Chinese growth can lead to an increase
in oil prices that has a stronger impact on its export competitors. This is due
to the large labor force surplus of China. We then examine this hypothesis by
estimating a reduced form equation for Chinese exports using Rodrik (2006)’s
measure of export competitiveness, together with the oil price, productivity,
real exchange rate, and foreign industrial production over the monthly 1992-2005
period. The results suggest a stable relationship and yields slightly positive
values for the price of oil and elastic coefficients for export competitiveness,
along with the expected negative elasticity for the real exchange rate.
During the last two decades of the twentieth century,
Brazil went through a sequence of failed stabilization plans that tried to
cope with an enduring hyperinflation. This paper uses a money demand model to
evaluate monetary policies during those episodes. Consistency between
money supply and expected conditional money demand growth rates is
considered for each plan. It is shown that unsuccessful programs were
marked by excessive liquidity. The results not only suggest that monetary mismanagement led to the failure of the plans, but
also that the excessive liquidity could have been predicted.
Fifth Most-Frequently Read Article in October 2008.
In this paper we address the following question: would a
fully integrated world economy eliminate the widely reported decline in the
terms of trade of primary commodities? We address the question by looking at the
terms of trade within the US (a highly integrated economy). Our findings show
two results. First, US internal real commodities' terms of trade over the
1947–1998 period experienced slowly declining but significant trends. Second,
once we control for the effect of US prices on international terms of trade, we
find a long-run relationship between the US and international relative prices.
These findings support the view that the decline of commodities' terms of trade
bears no relationship with the process of globalisation. This seems to indicate
that, if world terms of trade behaved as the US terms of trade, neither
increased integration nor protectionist measures would eliminate this trend.
The article evaluates crime trends in south border
American and Mexican sister cities using panel data analysis. The region offers
a unique assessment opportunity since cities are characterized by shared
cultural and historical legacies, institutional heterogeneity, and disparate
crime outcomes. Higher homicide rates on the Mexican side seem to result from
deficient law enforcement. Higher population densities in Mexican cities appear
to also be a factor. Cultural differences, on the other hand, have been
decreasing, and apparently do not play a substantial role. The homicide rate
dynamics show opportunistic clustering of criminal activity in Mexican cities,
while no clustering is found on the American side. Crime also appears to spill
from Mexican cities into American cities. Homicide rates on both sides of the
border have been falling faster than countrywide rates, leading, in the case of
American cities, and against stereotypes, to rates below the countrywide rate in
2001.
This paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium model to
study the economic effects of bank account debits (BAD) taxation. Australia
and various Latin American countries have levied or levy BAD taxes. Aspects
such as financial disintermediation, market illiquidity, and impacts on
dividend and interest rates are considered. Part of the BAD tax revenue may be
fictitious, due to increased interest payments on government debt. The
Brazilian BAD tax (CPMF) experience is evaluated. The empirical analysis
confirms some theoretical predictions. Incidence base over GDP appears to be
sensitive to the tax rate, possibly engendering a Laffer curve. The tax may
also cause real interest rates to increase. Furthermore, the deadweight losses
are relatively large, even if revenues are small. The theoretical and
empirical results suggest that the BAD tax is not adequate for revenue
collection.
In this study, we examine the response of Latin American
stock markets to movements in European stock markets. Our results vary depending
on the openness of the country in terms of international trade. We find evidence
that Latin American stock markets are affected by Spanish stock market.
Additionally, during the second and third-periods (1995 to 1998 and 1999 to
2004) Spain appears to have much stronger ties (such as more trade) with Brazil
and Chile, and this might explain why Brazil and Chile are affected from Spain
and not from the other European markets. This study uncovers two important
findings. First, Spain has an effect on Latin American markets but these
responses are not homogeneous across markets. Second, the magnitude of Spain’s
influence is different in each of the three sub-periods under study.
A practical aggregation method for heterogeneous
log-linear functions is presented. Inequality measures are employed in the
construction of a simple but exact aggregate representation of an economy.
Three macroeconomic applications are discussed: the aggregation of the Lucas
supply function, the time-inconsistent behaviour of an egalitarian social
planner facing heterogeneous discount rates, and the case of a simple
heterogeneous growth model. In the latter application, aggregate CPS data is
used to show that the slowdown that followed the first oil shock is worse than
usually thought, and that the "new economy" growth resurgence is not as strong
as it appears.
Articles Revised and Resubmitted to Refereed Journals
This paper presents an asymptotically optimal time
interval selection criterion for the long-run correlation block estimator
(Bartlett kernel estimator) based on the Newey-West approach. An alignment
criterion that enhances finite-sample performance is also proposed. The
procedure offers an optimal yet unobtrusive alternative to the common practice
in finance and economics of arbitrarily choosing time intervals or lags in
correlation studies. A Monte Carlo experiment using parameters derived from
Dow Jones returns data confirms that the procedure is MSE-superior to typical
alternatives such as aggregation over arbitrary time intervals, VAR
estimation, and Newey-West automatic lag selection.
The article examines the response of equity markets in
Brazil, Chile and Mexico to stock prices in the US, Spain and four major
European countries during three sub-periods: 1988 to 1994, 1995 to 1998, and
1999 to 2004. The analysis employs VAR models. Our results appear to depend on
the openness of the country in terms of international trade. We find that there
is an increasing impact of Spain on the equity markets. The increasing linkages
between Spain and these three countries (such as more trade and foreign direct
investment), in particular in the case of Brazil, may explain the results.
Mexican cities along the US-Mexico border, especially Cd.
Juarez, became notorious for supposedly presenting abnormally high levels of
femicide. Nonetheless, evaluation of data ranging from 1998 to 2003 shows that
after factoring in the effects of male homicide, femicide rates in the region,
including Cd. Juarez, are consistent with rates in non-border Mexican cities in
the same states. Femicide rates in Cd. Juarez are lower than in Houston and
Ensenada and as a share of overall homicide rates they are typically lower than
in other cities considered in the study. These results challenge the literature
on US-Mexico border femicide.
It is well known from nonlinear aggregation theory that
distributions play a central role in the determination of the values of
aggregate variables. This paper establishes a bridge between the aggregation and
the inequality and growth literature by applying a log-linear aggregation method
to a simple Cass-Koopmans-Ramsey AK growth model with heterogeneity. The
aggregation effect is explicitly captured in the aggregate growth rate equation
by the changes of the mean logarithmic deviation (MLD or Theil’s second measure)
of the income, implying that increases in income inequality may be unambiguously
associated with temporary increases of a country’s growth rate, in agreement
with the empirical findings of Forbes (AER, 2000). Consequently, empirical
studies of the long-run effects of income inequality may suffer from aggregation
bias if the temporary effects of the MLD changes are not considered. The
accelerated growth episodes observed in Brazil from 1968 to 1973 and in China
recently demonstrate that the increase in income inequality, as measured by the
MLD changes, may have resulted, through the aggregation effect, in substantial
temporary increases of the aggregate growth rates experienced by those
countries.
(The Economic Impacts of the CPMF: Theory and Evidence)
Winner of the 2nd prize in the
VI Brazilian National Treasury Competition, Topics in Public Finance,
published
in Finanças Públicas: VI Prêmio Tesouro Nacional – 2001. STN: Brasília.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os impactos
econômicos da CPMF na economia brasileira, e para isto está dividido em três
blocos. No primeiro a CPMF é analisada sob a ótica da teoria econômica. No
segundo é discutida a experiência internacional com impostos similares à CPMF.
No terceiro a experiência brasileira é examinada com o auxílio dos dois blocos
anteriores. Segundo a teoria econômica, a CPMF causaria a elevação dos juros
reais de modo desproporcional a outros impostos, o que seria o resultado da
inclusão da rotatividade de ativos em sua base de incidência. Esta deficiência
em sua concepção afetaria negativamente, e de forma desproporcional à sua
arrecadação, os níveis de capital, produção e salários. Ela também causaria o
aumento das despesas do governo com pagamento de juros, o que levaria parte de
sua receita a ser fictícia. A CPMF causaria desintermediação e iliquidez nos
mercados financeiros, desincentivando o ressurgimento do crédito. A
arrecadação comportar-se-ia de acordo com uma curva de Laffer, com elevadas
perdas de peso morto, particularmente quando comparadas à pequena receita
resultante. Resultados empíricos confirmam que tais conclusões seriam
aplicáveis ao caso brasileiro. A teoria econômica, a experiência internacional
e a evidência brasileira revelam, portanto, que a CPMF apresenta
significativas deficiências como instrumento de arrecadação.
(This paper aims to study the economic impacts of the
CPMF in the Brazilian economy and is divided in three parts. In the first
part, the CPMF is analyzed under the scope of economic theory. In the second
part, the international experience with taxes similar to the CPMF (BAD taxes)
is discussed. In the third part, the Brazilian experience is analyzed,
considered the contributions of the two previous parts. According to the
economic theory, the CPMF should increase real interest rates unproportionally
to other taxes, because of the inclusion of asset turnovers in its incidence
base. This conceptual deficiency would negatively affect, unproportionally to
its tax collection, the level of capital, production and wages. It would also
cause the increase of government spending through interest payments, implying
that a part of the revenue is fictitious. The CPMF would cause
disintermediation and illiquidity in the financial markets, hindering the
resurgence of credit in Brazil. The tax collection would follow a Laffer
curve, with high deadweight losses, particularly when compared to its small
revenue. Empirical results confirm that those conclusions may be valid in the
Brazilian case. The economic theory, the international experience and the
Brazilian evidence reveal, therefore, that the CPMF presents significant
deficiencies as a tax collection instrument.)
Description: this code
for EViews calculates pairwise nonparametric long-run correlation
(coherency at frequency zero) estimates using
optimal time interval selection and alignment criteria, as described in "Optimal
Time Interval Selection in Long-Run Correlation Estimation."
Instructions: input the
following parameters in the EViews "run" parameter window: minimum alignment,
maximum alignment, sample start date, sample end date, and the list of
variables between quotation marks. The output table
name is "lrcorr."
Note:
make sure that the sample does not contain NA observations,
otherwise the code may not run.
Description: this worksheet
for Excel calculates nonparametric long-run correlation (coherency at
frequency zero) estimates between two
series, using the optimal time interval selection and alignment criteria described in "Optimal
Time Interval Selection in Long-Run Correlation Estimation." Just
unzip the file and follow the instructions on the worksheet. Enjoy!